First let’s understand what is compressive strength and why testing is important?

Compressive strength is the ability of material or structure to carry the loads on its surface without any crack or deflection. A material under compression tends to reduce the size, while in tension, size elongates. Compressive strength depends on many factors such as water-cement ratio, cement strength, quality of concrete material and quality control during the production of concrete, etc.

The compressive strength of the concrete cube test provides an idea about all the characteristics of concrete. So it is important to carry out the test on the field. Many cement companies have started their mobile concrete van for site testing to serve better and its boon for Construction industry because cement and concrete are the key materials for construction. This mobile lab provides technology straight to you. Now we understand how tests to be done.

Firstly, this mobile concrete lab goes to the respective site. Then concrete samples have been taken and poured in the mould. Generally cubical mould of size 15cm x 15cm x 15cm are commonly used. 10cm X 10cm x 10cm can also be used that depends on the size of aggregate. Then poured concrete in the moulds are tempered so as not to have any voids. After 24 hours, moulds are removed and specimen are put in water for curing. By applying cement paste to the whole area of specimen we can get smooth and even surface and it is necessary to have it.

These specimens are tested by compression testing machine after seven days curing or 28 days curing. In this testing procedure load should be applied gradually at the rate of 140 kg/cm2 per minute till the specimens fails and value of load during the time of failure is noted. This load divided by the area of specimen gives the compressive strength of concrete.

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If you are working with concrete then you must have a complete set of tools to get the job done. Even if for successful pouring and prevent any disaster these tools are very important. So here are the list of the necessary tools which do not require much investment.

Mixers

When you are working with raw concrete, this tool becomes must. Mixer allows you to mix concrete at construction site. Concrete mixing makes it highly durable and ensures maximum strength.

Screeds

Screed in concrete construction is a flat board used to smoothen the concrete after it has been placed over a surface. Screeds are available in different sizes. Screeds are long, straight tubes or boards.

Rubber Gloves

Concrete contains chemicals and admixtures that can harm the skin if kept in contact for longer time. Thus while concreting it is necessary to wear the gloves.

Rubber Boots

Rubber boots are the perfect one to protect your skin from irritation due to concrete. It is important for concrete workers to choose footwear that is not only waterproof and resistant to chemicals, but that is also comfortable to wear.

Wheelbarrows

This equipment is used to carry small amount of concrete or tools to one place to another. They are also useful for taking concrete samples for slump tests or other assessment.

Shovels

It is the important tool. No concrete job can be done without shovels. It is useful to fill voids and depression after concrete pouring. They are also useful to fill buckets with sand, fill wheelbarrows and also for mixing concrete and cleaning spills.

Bucket

Bucket is useful for pouring in very dry and humid conditions. While finishing process a small amount of water added makes the concrete more manageable.

Floats

Floats are useful to fill the voids with ease in such case where voids may still exist on a freshly poured concrete surface after screeding.

Groove Cutter

To prevent damage from shrinkage and cracking, concrete surface grooving is required. It is used to create control joints on sidewalks, walkways, driveways, and residential slabs, where a concrete saw typically is not used.

Saws

It is used sometimes to cut control joints when concrete is hardening. Also used in demolition and removal of old concrete.

Vibrators

It helps to release air pockets and excess water from a poured concrete mix. Vibrators are available in large variety and you can choose something that suits your preferences.

Laser Level

It is the tool for leveling forms and setting their elevation. They’re also useful for establishing or checking the height of embedded pieces, such as bolts and other anchors.

Tape Measures

Tape measures will help you measure slab depths and concrete form and also for mapping and testing placement.

Make sure gather all necessary above described tools to start any concrete work.

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Cement manufacturing process involves various raw materials and processes. Cement is a greenish grey coloured powder, made of calcined mixtures of clay and limestone. When mixed with water becomes a hard and strong building material.
It was first introduced by a British stone mason, Joseph Aspdin in 1824, who cooked cement in his kitchen. He heated a mixture of limestone and clay powder in his kitchen, and grind the mixture into powder creating cement, that hardens when mixed with water.
Cement is first used in the tunnel construction in the Thames River in 1828.

Manufacturing Process of Cement

There are four stages in this whole process.
• Mixing of raw material
• Burning
• Grinding
• Storage and packaging

Mixing of raw material

Calcium, Silicon, Iron and Aluminium are the raw materials used majorly in manufacture of cement. There are two methods of mixing. Dry Process and Wet Process.

• Dry Process: The both calcareous and argillaceous raw materials are firstly crushed in the gyratory crushers to get 2-5cm size pieces separately. The crushed materials are again grinded to get fine particles into ball or tube mill. After screening this finely grinded materials are stored in hopper. Then powdered minerals are mixed and dry raw mix is stored in silos and ready to be sent into rotary kiln.
• Wet Process : In this process first raw materials are crushed and made into powdered form and stored in silos. Then clay is washed and sticky organic matters are removed. Then powdered limestone and water washed clay are sent to flow in the channels and transfer to grinding mills where they are completely mixed and the paste is formed. Then grinding process is done in a ball or tube mill or even both. Then the slurry is led into collecting basin where composition can be adjusted. The slurry contains around 38-40% water that is stored in storage tanks and kept ready for the rotary kiln.

Burning of Raw Materials
This process is carried out in rotary kiln while the raw materials are rotated at 1-2rpm at its longitudinal axis. The raw mix of dry process of corrected slurry of wet process is injected into the kiln from the upper end. Powdered coal or oil or hot gases are used to be heated up from the lower end of the kiln so that the long hot flames is produced. The lower part (clinkering zone) have temperature in between 1500-1700 degree Celsius where lime and clay are reacts to yielding calcium aluminates and calcium silicates. This aluminates and silicates of calcium fuse to gather to form small and hard stones are known as clinkers. The size of the clinker is varies from 5-10mm. The clinker coming from the burning zone are very hot. To bring down the temperature of clinkers, air is admitted in counter current direction at the base of the rotary kiln. The cooled clinkers are collected in small trolleys.

Grinding of clinkers
The cooled clinkers are received from the cooling pans and sent into mills. The clinkers are grinded finely into powder in ball mill or tube mill. Powdered gypsum is added around 2-3% as retarding agent during final grinding. The final obtained product is cement that does not settle quickly when comes in contact with water. After the initial setting time of the cement, the cement becomes stiff and the gypsum retards the dissolution of tri-calcium aluminates by forming tricalciumsulfoaluminate which is insoluble and prevents too early further reactions of setting and hardening.

Storage and packaging
The grinded cement is stored in silos, from which it is marketed either in container load or 50kg bags.

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